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Gangster St. Paul
Where to Find Dillinger's Hideout and Ma Barker's Boys.

By Paul Maccabee


	John Dillinger was one gangster who holed up in Saint Paul.

It was the lawless 1930s of tommy guns, jazz and bootleg hooch, a time when every major American city harbored speakeasies, brothels and gambling dens, the years when a crime syndicate headed by Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky in New York and Al Capone in Chicago spread its tentacles across the nation.

But it was the Depression-era bandits, termed "Public Enemies" by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who captivated and horrified the public—bankrobbers like John Dillinger, George "Machine Gun Kelly" Barnes and Lester "Babyface Nelson" Gillis; kidnapper Alvin "Creepy" Karpis; and the legendary den mother of crime, Katherine "Ma" Barker. Each of these outlaws sought safe harbor in St. Paul, Minnesota, a city U.S. Senator Royal Copeland condemned as a "Poison Spot of American Crime." As a member of the Senate Racketeering Committee, the New York Republican was in a position to know.

Visitors to the Saintly City today seek out the historic homes of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald and railroad magnate James J. Hill. But to the FBI, St. Paul is better remembered as home to Machine Gun Kelly and dozens of other desperados. St. Paul "was a haven for criminals," confided a 1934 FBI memo. "The citizenry knew it, the hoodlums knew it, and every police officer knew it."

'If you hadn't seen a criminal in a few months...you knew he'd be in one of two places--federal prison or Saint Paul.'

"Everyone had the same things in common," wrote Creepy Karpis of Minnesota's capitol city. "Stealing, killing and looting." If you hadn't seen a criminal in a few months, Karpis mused in his autobiography, you knew he'd be in one of two places--federal prison or St. Paul.

To see the hoodlums' St. Paul, put on your black fedora and begin your Crook's Tour at the St. Paul Police Headquarters, still standing at 100 East 11th Street. Renovated in the mid-1980s, the building's Roman-Doric exterior looks as it did when it opened in 1930, when Chief John "The Big Fellow" O'Connor kept a Devil's Bargain with the underworld. Under his "O'Connor Agreement" outlaws were welcome as long as they checked in with police, paid a small bribe and promised not to kill, kidnap or rob within city limits.

Chief O'Connor's underworld ambassador was "Dapper Danny" Hogan, whom the Justice Department termed "one of the most resourceful and keenest criminals" in the nation. Dapper Danny's reign ended December 4, 1928, when a car bomb blew him and his Paige coupe apart at his home, 1607 West Seventh Street, visible today near May Street and I-35E. In the police headquarters' second-floor museum you can see, by special appointment, a five-inch chunk of the bomb that killed Hogan. His replacement as O'Connor Agreement czar was bootlegger Harry "Dutch" Sawyer, who made sure police warned gangsters before raiding hideouts.

When Prohibition went into effect in 1920, St. Paul's small-time hoodlums graduated to the big leagues of bootlegging. The money poured in, forging tighter links between gangsters and city government and providing local bad boys with some very posh addresses.

Fronting gracious Rice Park is the St. Paul Hotel, 350 Market Street, which the FBI called "a rendezvous for gangsters." Built in 1910 and reopened in 1989 after renovation, the hotel served as headquarters for bootlegger Leon Gleckman, "The Al Capone of St. Paul," who counted the city's ruling elite as his friends.

Vacationing mobsters and the city's most prominent businessmen mingled at Nina Clifford's brothel, once located at 147 South Washing-ton (now Hill Street), below what is today the Civic Center. Although Nina's establishment was razed in 1937, today you can visit the main bar of the Minnesota Club (317 Washington Street, across Rice Park from the St. Paul Hotel) to view a portrait said to be of Nina and a brick from her house of ill fame. According to legend, the club and Nina's brothel were connected by a tunnel, used by businessmen who wanted to sneak over to enjoy her hospitality.

Typical of the hospitality St. Paul offered criminals was the police tip-off at Ma Barker's hideout, which still stands today at 1031 South Robert Street, near Bernard Street in West St. Paul. Ma Barker moved to this house in February 1932, accompanied by Alvin "Creepy" Karpis and Ma's son Fred. The Barker-Karpis Gang was then at the midpoint of a larcenous career that would earn it $3 million in bank and kidnap loot. FBI head J. Edgar Hoover called it "the most vicious, cold-blooded crew of murderers, kidnappers and robbers in recent memory."

On April 25, landlord Nick Hannegraf recognized his three boarders in an issue of True Detective Mysteries magazine and, eager to earn the $100 reward, alerted police to the location of the Public Enemies. The police, in turn, tipped off the Barkers—who fled, leaving dinner on the table and a stolen $500 bond under the rug.

Hoover demonized Ma as "the most vicious, dangerous and resourceful criminal brain of the last decade." But a review of 76,000 pages of FBI files suggests Ma was never involved in any of the gang's crimes. Asked if Ma Barker planned the crimes the FBI attributed to her, Oklahoma bankrobber Harvey Bailey hooted, "That old woman couldn't plan breakfast!"

Some of the best criminals in the nation hung out in 1931-34 at St. Paul's Edgecumbe Apartments, still standing at 1095 Osceola Avenue, off Lexington Parkway. Among felons lounging in what the FBI called "a lamster's hideout" were Frank "the Gentleman Bandit" Nash who read Shakespeare in prison and Edna "the Kissing Bandit" Murray who waylaid truck drivers with her affections while her gang hijacked the cargo.

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Crime historian Paul Maccabee is the author of John Dillinger Slept Here: A Crook's Tour of Crime and Corruption in Saint Paul, 1920-1936 (1995, Minnesota Historical Society Press).